The commessi in pietra dura and the scagliola
The commessi is the most perfect and precious inlay.
THE COMMESSI IN PIETRA DURA
The “Commessi in pietra dura”(junctions of hard stones) also called “Florentine mosaic”, is a Renaissance technique that reached the excellence in 1588 with the creation of the Opificio delle Pietre Dure in Florence by the Grand Duke Ferdinando I de Medici. During the XVII century it was used to decorate furniture and table-tops, to ensure an effective contrast to the typical golden bases of baroque tables and consoles . Henry IV and Louis XIII instituted their laboratories in the palace of the Louvre in Paris.
In 1738 by order of Charles III of Bourbon founded in Naples the “Real Laboratorio delle Pietre Dure”(Royal Laboratory of pietra dura) . The director, Francesco Ghinghi, Florentine, brought experts for the Royal Palace of Caserta. In the Royal Palace there was a laboratory, created for the execution of the altar of the Palatine Chapel, whose tabernacle, one of the most rich ever designed, was made up of amethyst, lapis-lazuli, carnelian, agate, two huge topazes used as doors of the ciborium, and a 30cm high figure of the Christ. The Real Laboratory declined during the French occupation in the first years of XIX century , Francesco I brought back to its former glory in 1825, but closed in the 1861 after the unification of Italy occurred in the same year.
Neo-baroque table with hard stone clerk of agate, amethyst, onyx, petrified wood, etc … It is located in the King’s dressing room
Console tabletop in the Anteroom of the Bedroom of King Francesco II
The Technique
- The classic one, where various parts were carefully carved, and then joint and glued to a support to create the last design.
- In relief, where the pieces were sculpted all-round
- Via inlay. As well as for the inlay on wood, on a support you have to make a the drawing, and following it you have to hollow to add the hard stone parts.
Some materials used
vIDEO - The Art Of Pietra Dura
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THE SCAGLIOLA
Another technique born to imitate the marble inlays of the Commessi, and often with good final effects, is that one of Scagliola, and for this purpose used for table-tops , altars, wall plates, etc. The first documented examples appear at the end of the XVII century in Germany and Italy. The table tops and panels in Commessi, obviously coming from Florence, were extremely expensive, so the less wealthy clients found a good alternative in Scagliola. Although it was born as a cheaper alternative, soon everyone noticed that the Scagliola allowed to create much more defined details that no commessi artist was able to create, so Scagliola became a real art.
The black and white perspective scenes were popular at the time, and the technique of scagliola, due to its versatility, proved to be the perfect solution to imitate marble, to make engravings, trompe l’oeil, inlaid with ebony and ivory, and for all pictorial effect.
This technique reached its peak of perfection in the XVIII century, both in furnishing as in architecture, with many purposes.
The Hall of Astrea in the Royal Palace of Caserta has walls made with Scagliola that imitates the Fior di Persico marble.
The Technique
Video
The Technique Used For Walls
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The Technique Used For Furniture
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