The Royal Court Theater of the Royal Palace of Caserta
The Teatro della Reggia di Caserta created a new standard for court theaters. One of its first copies was the Opera Royale in Versailles.
The Court Theatre in Caserta was born at the behest of the king, and its architecture was inspired by the revolutionary Teatro di San Carlo in Naples. It was one of the first theaters with an horseshoe shape, which allow to achieve a better acoustics and visibility, but unlike the San Carlo, of which it takes just its shape, the internal structure is totally different, and in some ways even better. The Court Theatre was used by the sovereign for private executions of the shows of the Neapolitan theater.
History
The Court Theatre in the Royal Palace of Caserta, scale reproduction of the San Carlo in Naples, is splendid example of theater architecture of the nineteenth century, and was the only room in the palace entirely built under the guidance of Vanvitelli, although, to reach its completion, he had to overcome to relevant technical and financial difficulties.
Reading the documents related to the vault, we learn that Vanvitelli desired to made in the Park a large public theater directly connected to the Royal Palace. King Charles, due to the enormous European success of his San Carlo in Naples, decided to build the theater inside the building, not externally, so in March 1752 the architect was forced to change the project including it inside the Palace. So Vanvitelli decided to:
“… I will build a little theater inside the palace for domestic comedies; I will put this in the darkest place, because it doesn’t need light and this is just the right solution for me. “
The Court Theatre was not planned in the original design of the building, you can’t find any information about it, nor in the first Vanvitelli’s preparatory drawings, nor in the plates inside the first edition of the Declaration, in fact its construction began in 1756, three years after the start of work for the Royal Palace. The decoration took much longer than expected, because the architect was simultaneously overseeing the construction of the Palace of Caserta, the Carolino Aqueduct and other buildings in Milan and Benevento. The vanvitellian Theatre still have a late baroque style, although at the era of construction the debate about the theaters was very lively from the Italian and French Enlightenment followers.
The construction was completed in 1768, and it was opened in the carnival of the 1769 by the young royal couple, Ferdinand and Maria Carolina, in the presence of all the Neapolitan nobility, and until 1798, it owned a full events calendar, ranging from dance parties, to theater comedies, concerts and dramas.
A remarkable collection of opera librettos (kept in the Palatine Library located in the Royal Apartments), testify the love for the music of both sovereigns, and this was demonstrated by the fact that most of the shows of the Teatro San Carlo in Naples were continually replicated the Royal Palace at Caserta.
As previously mentioned, the Teatro di Corte is inspired by the San Carlo in Naples, but this reference is limited to the form alone, as the subdivision of the spaces is absolutely innovative. Unlike other European theaters, such as Drottningholm and Versailles, which are located in a dedicated external building, that of the Reggia is perfectly inserted inside the palace, despite how access is isolated from the rest.
The impression one gets when visiting the theatre, with its warm colors accentuated by the soft light of the large central chandelier is that of a rich but intimate and cozy environment, almost a "cave".
EXTERNAL LINK: the Teatro San Carlo
The architectural structure of the Court Theatre
The Court Theatre of the Royal Palace of Caserta is an exact reproduction, in smaller scale, of the Teatro San Carlo in Naples. Both theaters revolutionized the theater architecture, as they were the first theaters in the world to have an horseshoe shape.
This structure, defined as Italian Style theater – it would be more exact to call it as Neapolitan Style theater – quickly became the worldwide standard for all new theaters, and decreed the abandonment of the classical rectangular shape with bleachers.
The horseshoe theater was created in boxes to suit different needs:
- social needs, as a structure with balconies imposes and reflects the social ladder of the audience (the more important you are, the more higher you will sit);
- As demonstration of opulence, role played by the decoration, whose style and magnificence are the result of desires and aspirations, as well as the power and the aesthetic sense of the royal family;
- organizational needs, to a more orderly subdivision of the audience, and thanks to the creation of the theatre’s wings that finally became possible, for example, to hide the stage machinery;
- to dramatically improve the acoustics and visibility of the stage, both essential aspects for a theater.
The Royal Opera in the Palace of Versailles was one of the first copies of the Theater of Caserta
The Teatro alla Scala in Milan was born as yet another copy of the Real Teatro San Carlo in Naples, but its architect Giuseppe Piermarini, one of Luigi Vanvitelli’s students, learned from the Theater of the Royal Palace of Caserta while this was being made.
Structure
The theater is located into the western part of the palace, and has four entrances: one reserved for the king and the court, two lateral ones with spiral staircases for the public, and another for artists and technical machinery, located behind the stage, directly connected with the outside of the palace.
The Court Theatre has a horseshoe shape, and it is as high as the first two floors of the building, measuring 25 meters in length and 12m in width, and has 41 boxes arranged in five rows, the last of which is located just below the turn, and a Royal box.
Gaetano Magri decorated the balconies with cherubs, wreaths of leaves, flowers and shells. Each balcony has a different decoration than the one next to it, but it is the same to that one on the other side of the theater.
The plaster work and the gilding to the stucco cornice were made by Gennaro Amodìo and Pietro Ferdecchini, while the papier-mache artists Gaetano Navarro, Nicola Ciliento e Francesco Bonfantini, executed in 1768 the composite order capitals of the columns, and statues of Orpheus and Amphion placed in niches on both side of the proscenium.
- The balconies are delimited by alabaster columns placed on pillars made of stone of Atripalda, with a total height of four rows of balconies. Each row of balconies looks different from the other: the first and last row are camouflaged; in the other three balconies, rows are clearly highlighted: the second row has a gilded balustrade with continuous crossed columns, while the other two rows have the painted parapets.
- The Royal Box has an height equal to three rows of balconies, and is topped by a large crown – made by Gaetano Magri – supported by the Fame that plays the trumpet. I has a rich drapery made of paper maché, that after the restoration shows again its original blue color with golden lilies typical of the Bourbon dynasty, instead of the red color added by the Savoy family after the Italian unification;
- The vault is divided into segments separated by ribs all converging toward the center of the ceiling. Apparently is supported by the ribs and twelve semi-columns, but instead is supported by the weight of the ceilings of the last row of balconies that block the ribs, and the outer wall, with his weight blocks them further;
- The ceiling, frescoed by Crescenzo La Gamba, is composed of a central fresco depicting “Apollo crushing the python”, an allegorical figure used to represent the “King Ferdinand tramples on the Vice” ,the wickedness, the evil. The other vault frescoes depict the nine muses, and the four medallions represent the classical four elements of nature (earth, wind, fire and water);
- The proscenium has on its sides two columns with a central statue representing respectively Orpheus and Anion, and on these columns rests the proscenium arch.
- The stage has the unique feature of having a openable backdrop, so you can use the Royal Park as a background. This is possible via using detachable portal created by the Collecini, and painted in 1768 by the architect Antonio Lolli theatrical. This special backdrop was invented in 1770, to achieve a realistic effect in the last scene of the work for the representation of “Dido” by Metastasio executed by the Company of the Teatro San Carlo. As evidence of the splendor of the past remains the great backdrop with the figure of the Farnese Hercules positioned within a beautiful garden.
Project analysis
Comparison between the original project and the modern relief.
As said above, the Court Theatre was inspired by the San Carlo in Naples, but this reference is limited to only to its shape, because the space layout is absolutely innovative, both in terms of:
- the layout of the balconies, is clearly different from the San Carlo;
- to aesthetically complement the stage with the hall, Vanvitelli extended the upper trabeation (border) under the proscenium arch.
- The ceiling is divided into segments delimited by the ribs that supports the vault;
The ceiling is divided into segments delimited by the ribs that supports the vault;
Unlike other European theaters, such as Drottningholm and Versailles, where the theater is separated building outside the palace, the Court Theatre of Caserta is perfectly integrated within the building, despite the entrance is isolated. After going through some hallways, you will find the central box reserved for the king and the court: the sudden transition from a narrow hallway to the royal box, where suddenly the view expands over the entire theater, generates a sudden and striking emotion. The impression you get by visiting the theater, with its warm colors accentuated by the soft lights of the huge central chandelier, is that one of a luxurious but intimate environment, almost like a “cave”.
Vintage photo of the Court Theatre
Some vintage photos of the Court Theatre of the Royal Palace of Caserta
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- 1896
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- 1900
Virtual tour of the Court Theatre
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Video recorded in the Court Theater
A video of the soprano Cecilia Bartoli recorded into the Royal Theatre
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